Monogenic diabetes is a rare condition resulting from mutations (changes) in a single gene. In contrast, the most common types of diabetes—type 1 and type 2—are caused by multiple genes (and in type 2 diabetes, lifestyle factors such as obesity). Most cases of monogenic diabetes are inherited. Monogenic diabetes appears in several forms and most often affects young people, mostly 25 years or younger. In most forms of the disease, the body is less able to make insulin, a hormone that helps the body use glucose (sugar) for energy, is affected (directly or indirectly). Rarely, the problem is severe insulin resistance, a condition in which the body cannot use insulin properly. A correct diagnosis can help people get the right treatment. For example, some children with monogenic diabetes are misdiagnosed with type 1 diabetes and are given insulin. When correctly diagnosed, some of these children can take diabetes pills instead, with even better glucose control. A correct diagnosis may also benefit family members, who might have monogenic diabetes themselves without knowing it.

MODY is the most common form of monogenic diabetes. It usually first occurs in children or teenagers but sometimes is not found until adulthood. MODY can be mild or severe, depending on which gene is involved. Researchers have found at least nine different genes responsible for MODY, and new genetic causes are still being discovered. Because monogenic diabetes is rare, this diagnosis is often not considered in people with diabetes. However, certain factors can make doctors suspect that a diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes is not correct. A combination of tests and clinical factors help rule out type 1 or type 2 diabetes and identify MODY or neonatal diabetes. Blood tests that measure glucose levels, and sometimes tests that show how much insulin the body is making, help with diagnosis. Doctors might also check for the presence of certain auto-antibodies (substances made by the body that work against one’s own healthy tissues), which suggests type 1 diabetes. A health care provider can best determine whether genetic testing is needed. Testing of the genetic information in a blood sample can determine whether a person has a gene causing MODY or neonatal diabetes. Doctors also can check family members of the person with MODY or neonatal diabetes for the presence or risk of diabetes.

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